Loewenstein argues our minds evolved for survival and reproduction, not happiness, and negative emotions do that job better than positive ones. His example is pride and shame: pride is mild and short-lived, while shame can last for years.
Well, survival and reproduction machines. Reproduction might be even more important than survival. Yes, we're designed for evolutionary fitness.
And so talk about this idea. In some ways, I think when we think about our own minds, we say that obviously we want to be happy. Our minds must in some ways be designed to help us be happy, but perhaps that's not what our minds are designed to do.
…negative counterparts. So think about something like pride. And the inverse of pride is shame. It's nice to feel proud, but it's not that strong an emotion, and that is pretty short-lived. But shame can be extraordinarily miserable. You almost can't plumb the depths of shame. And shame is very lasting. It can put you in a negative state for weeks, months, years. So there's just no comparison. For every pair of emotions that exist, of positive and negative emotions, the negative emotion is invariably stronger and more lasting than the positive counterpart. And as I said, many negative emotions don't really have a positive counterpart. For example, dread. Dread is a hugely important negative emotion. And we don't even have a word in the English language for the positive counterpart. We have to use like pleasurable anticipation, but there's no word for that. Am I think that's very telling.
So the psychologist Paul Rosin has captured this dynamic with a very vivid metaphor. He says that if you drop a cockroach into a vat of wine, the whole thing is ruined. But if you pour fine wine on a cockroach, it does nothing to improve the cockroach. So in some ways, this is the roach effect that…
That's true. That's absolutely true. Am I illustration of that would be: imagine going to dinner with your significant other, and you go to a really, really nice restaurant, the best food imaginable, and then the waiter comes over and behaves in a kind of a high-handed fashion. That's going to ruin…
The psychologist Mark Leary says we all carry around what he calls a sociometer. What is this, George? How does this affect us?