JG

Josh Gruenstein

Things Josh Says on Podcasts

Where to Find Them

Josh Gruenstein has been a guest on The Information's TITV , a16z Podcast and RoboPapers .

Recently: “The Robots Already Working in American Factories | Tutor Intelligence” on a16z Podcast (November 2026); “Why Jensen Huang Rejects OpenAI & Anthropic's AI Safety Pacing Calls, Apple’s New Direction” on The Information's TITV (September 2026); “Ep#85: Tutor Intelligence” on RoboPapers (June 2026).

What They Said

“Anything you ever bought that came in a box, a human had to put that in a box, which is a crazy revelation for most people. Even iPhones: you'd assume a robot is putting that packaging together. No, it's a person, even at the highest level of scale.” — Josh Gruenstein, a16z Podcast

Asked to describe the factory and logistics work Tutor's robots do, Gruenstein says people imagine highly automated 'How It's Made' factories, which are only the top sliver. Most facilities still rely on people doing manual work.

a16z Podcast · 2026-11-02 Permalink → Listen →
a16z Podcast Around 17:53 into the episode
Josh Gruenstein

Yeah. So most people have this mental picture of what sort of the industrial base or manufacturing logistics look in the United States, which comes from the TV show How It's Made. I don't know if either of you have seen this.

Speaker 4

Of course, of course, yeah.

Josh Gruenstein

And you see these like Rube Goldbergian machines of levers, and it's like, yeah, you don't see any humans in those pictures, right? It's somebody built a machine that is the factory. And that does exist. And if it exists, they probably filmed it and put it on how it's made, right? Because that's the top 0.01% of American Factories logistics. And so what's below that? And you walk into these million square foot facilities and you see a bunch of people standing around on conveyor belts or holding tables doing things by hand. And it's kind of shocking for anybody who doesn't come from this industry and community. And so you look at a robot like Cassie and it's like, you know, a huge amount of work, which is backbreaking work that's really hard to hire for. There's a three-month turnover where your average age of the worker doing that work is 55 years old and about to retire. And it's like, okay, we could use a Cassie to do that backbreaking work. And similarly, Sunny is like basically anything you ever bought that came in a box, a…

Speaker 4

Then to his question, which is so like you have like the single arm with the sucker, you've got the two-armed humanoid.

Josh Gruenstein

Yeah, what can't they do?

Speaker 4

Yeah, what can't they do and where do you go from there? Yeah.

Speaker names come from our own diarization. The position is estimated from where the line sits in the episode.
“The value of a robot is how much work a robot can do divided by its cost. And that's it. Everything else is commentary. If we can compete in these highly liquid labor markets across the American physical economy and offer greater equivalent capability at lower cost, the market for that is the whole market.” — Josh Gruenstein, a16z Podcast

Asked whether there is real demand for robots in factories and warehouses, Tutor Intelligence's Josh Gruenstein says buyers often don't know a robot could do their job, so he frames it as a plain labor-cost comparison.

a16z Podcast · 2026-11-02 Permalink → Listen →
a16z Podcast Around 36:07 into the episode
Josh Gruenstein

…initial deployment of tutor robots, we could be saving $100,000 a year, $1 million a year, $100 million a year. And that's not like, okay, this is a roadmap over five years of custom engineering. It's like, no, you could save that $1 million a year two months from today without putting CapEx down.

Speaker 4

And have you found that there is like demand for, I mean, it's just such a sci-fi thing. Is there demand out there?

Josh Gruenstein

There is so much demand. And it's not even demand for robots. Cause again, like people don't know that the shape of a robot exists or that it works or that it can do this job. So it's ultimately like, you know, we have this framework of the value of a robot is you take how much work a robot can do and you divide it by its cost. And that's it. Right. Everything else is commentary. And so if we're able to compete in these highly liquid labor markets that exist across American physical economy and we can offer something that delivers greater equivalent capability to lower cost, the market for that is the whole market, right? It's all physical word of done.

Speaker 4

And just one quick wonky question on this, which is how much when you say cost, do you mean amortizing the upfront cost versus like the ongoing cost to operate it?

Josh Gruenstein

It's both, which is very interesting and different, right? Traditionally, we've thought about robotics as ROI, right? Big CapEx expense and then 10 years to make it back. And now it's actually like, no, more and more of the cost is going into ongoing inference teleoperation.

Speaker 4

But does that also include like maintenance and breakfast and all of that stuff? And then what and like, what is the dominant cost or are they roughly equal?

Speaker names come from our own diarization. The position is estimated from where the line sits in the episode.

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