“Within Apple, the people working on the self-driving car when it existed, which is an AI project, couldn't talk to the people doing face ID within Apple. They're both computer vision-based systems. But because they were on different products and Apple had this cultural legacy, they said no talking. So both products end up getting hurt because they can't share experiments and research.”

underneath the surface there, there's a lesson about Apple, which is that Apple is really good at being last and first on hardware. And of course, they have the operating system, but anything that's defined, right? Like hardware has a spec, and you want to make a battery last longer. You want to make a screen, you know, give a screen more fidelity. You want to make a case stronger. These are things you can optimize towards. And the last decade, maybe a decade and a half, Apple has been like a very efficient refiner. It's just refining all these products. And the interesting thing about being a refiner is you don't need your groups to talk to each other. So you're making the battery, the battery group doesn't talk to the screen group. And so you just kind of relentlessly focus and you're not distracted on your task at hand. With AI, you don't get that. You don't get that luxury. And Apple has kept its employees in silos for the reason I just explained. And they kept that going for AI. So, for example, within Apple, the people working on the self-driving car when it existed, which is an AI project, couldn't talk to the people doing face ID within Apple. They're both…